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Virulence Dec 2021The highly contagious whooping cough agent has evolved as a human-restricted pathogen from a progenitor which also gave rise to and . While the latter colonizes a... (Review)
Review
The highly contagious whooping cough agent has evolved as a human-restricted pathogen from a progenitor which also gave rise to and . While the latter colonizes a broad range of mammals and is able to survive in the environment, has lost its ability to survive outside its host through massive genome decay. Instead, it has become a highly successful human pathogen by the acquisition of tightly regulated virulence factors and evolutionary adaptation of its metabolism to its particular niche. By the deployment of an arsenal of highly sophisticated virulence factors it overcomes many of the innate immune defenses. It also interferes with vaccine-induced adaptive immunity by various mechanisms. Here, we review data from , human and animal models to illustrate the mechanisms of adaptation to the human respiratory tract and provide evidence of ongoing evolutionary adaptation as a highly successful human pathogen.
Topics: Animals; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Bordetella parapertussis; Bordetella pertussis; Humans; Mammals; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34590541
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1980987 -
Pathogens and Disease Nov 2015Bordetella pertussis and B. bronchiseptica are Gram-negative bacterial respiratory pathogens. Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough and is... (Review)
Review
Bordetella pertussis and B. bronchiseptica are Gram-negative bacterial respiratory pathogens. Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough and is considered a human-adapted variant of B. bronchiseptica. Bordetella pertussis and B. bronchiseptica share mechanisms of pathogenesis and are genetically closely related. However, despite the close genetic relatedness, these Bordetella species differ in several classic fundamental aspects of bacterial pathogens such as host range, pathologies and persistence. The development of the baboon model for the study of B. pertussis transmission, along with the development of the swine and mouse model for the study of B. bronchiseptica, has enabled the investigation of different aspects of transmission including the route, attack rate, role of bacterial and host factors, and the impact of vaccination on transmission. This review will focus on B. pertussis transmission and how animal models of B. pertussis transmission and transmission models using the closely related B. bronchiseptica have increased our understanding of B. pertussis transmission.
Topics: Animals; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Bordetella pertussis; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Humans; Mice; Papio; Swine; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 26374235
DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv068 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jul 2018is involved in respiratory tract infections mainly in dogs and pigs but may also cause infections in humans. Valid and representative data on antimicrobial... (Review)
Review
is involved in respiratory tract infections mainly in dogs and pigs but may also cause infections in humans. Valid and representative data on antimicrobial susceptibility of is rare. Approved antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods have been published, but very few clinical breakpoints are available. The MIC values are low for most agents but high for β-lactam antibiotics and macrolides. Information on the genetic basis of resistance is scarce. For a small number of isolates that are resistant or show elevated MICs, the molecular basis of resistance was identified. Three tetracycline resistance genes, (A), (C), and (31), coding for major facilitator superfamily efflux pumps, were identified. Two other major facilitator superfamily exporter genes confer resistance to chloramphenicol () or to chloramphenicol and florfenicol (). Two class B chloramphenicol acetyltransferase genes ( and ), which confer resistance to nonfluorinated phenicols by enzymatic inactivation, have been identified in . Like the trimethoprim resistance genes and , which code for trimethoprim-insensitive dihydrofolate reductases, the genes and were located on gene cassettes and found in class 1 integrons also harboring the sulfonamide resistance gene . In addition, the gene has also been detected. Both and code for sulfonamide-insensitive dihydropteroate synthases. A gene cassette harboring the β-lactamase gene was also identified, whereas β-lactam resistance in seems to be more likely due to reduced influx in combination with the species-specific β-lactamase encoded by . The resistance genes were mostly located on conjugative plasmids.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Macrolides; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Species Specificity; Zoonoses
PubMed: 30027886
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0024-2017 -
Scientific Reports May 2023Bordetella bronchiseptica is a gram-negative bacterium that causes respiratory diseases in different animals, including mice, making B. bronchiseptica the gold-standard...
Bordetella bronchiseptica is a gram-negative bacterium that causes respiratory diseases in different animals, including mice, making B. bronchiseptica the gold-standard model to investigate host-pathogen interaction at the molecular level. B. bronchiseptica utilizes many different mechanisms to precisely regulate the expression of virulence factors. Cyclic di-GMP is a second messenger synthesized by diguanylate cyclases and degraded by phosphodiesterases that regulates the expression of multiple virulence factors including biofilm formation. As in other bacteria, we have previously shown that c-di-GMP regulates motility and biofilm formation in B. bronchiseptica. This work describes the diguanylate cyclase BdcB (Bordetella diguanylate cyclase B) as an active diguanylate cyclase that promotes biofilm formation and inhibits motility in B. bronchiseptica. The absence of BdcB increased macrophage cytotoxicity in vitro and induced a greater production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 by macrophages. Our study reveals that BdcB regulates the expression of components of T3SS, an important virulence factor of B. bronchiseptica. The Bb∆bdcB mutant presented increased expression of T3SS-mediated toxins such as bteA, responsible for cytotoxicity. Our in vivo results revealed that albeit the absence of bdcB did not affect the ability of B. bronchiseptica to infect and colonize the respiratory tract of mice, mice infected with Bb∆bdcB presented a significantly higher pro-inflammatory response than those infected with wild type B. bronchiseptica.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Type III Secretion Systems; Bacterial Proteins; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Virulence Factors; Cyclic GMP; Immunity; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
PubMed: 37130958
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34106-x -
ELife Nov 2022Co-infected hosts, individuals that carry more than one infectious agent at any one time, have been suggested to facilitate pathogen transmission, including the...
Co-infected hosts, individuals that carry more than one infectious agent at any one time, have been suggested to facilitate pathogen transmission, including the emergence of supershedding events. However, how the host immune response mediates the interactions between co-infecting pathogens and how these affect the dynamics of shedding remains largely unclear. We used laboratory experiments and a modeling approach to examine temporal changes in the shedding of the respiratory bacterium in rabbits with one or two gastrointestinal helminth species. Experimental data showed that rabbits co-infected with one or both helminths shed significantly more , by direct contact with an agar petri dish, than rabbits with bacteria alone. Co-infected hosts generated supershedding events of higher intensity and more frequently than hosts with no helminths. To explain this variation in shedding an infection-immune model was developed and fitted to rabbits of each group. Simulations suggested that differences in the magnitude and duration of shedding could be explained by the effect of the two helminths on the relative contribution of neutrophils and specific IgA and IgG to neutralization in the respiratory tract. However, the interactions between infection and immune response at the scale of analysis that we used could not capture the rapid variation in the intensity of shedding of every rabbit. We suggest that fast and local changes at the level of respiratory tissue probably played a more important role. This study indicates that co-infected hosts are important source of variation in shedding, and provides a quantitative explanation into the role of helminths to the dynamics of respiratory bacterial infections.
Topics: Animals; Rabbits; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Bordetella Infections; Helminths; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respiratory System
PubMed: 36346138
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.70347 -
Molecular Biology Research... 2022is pathogenic for some domestic and wild animals. Due to the importance of this bacterium, its presence in dogs and cats has been investigated using PCR. Pharyngeal and...
is pathogenic for some domestic and wild animals. Due to the importance of this bacterium, its presence in dogs and cats has been investigated using PCR. Pharyngeal and nasal swabs were taken from 135 dogs and 42 cats. Based on the PCR performed on the dogs' samples, in 25/63 (39.68%) pharyngeal samples and 20/59 (33.89%) nasal samples DNA of detected. On the other hand, according to the PCR performed on the cats' samples, in 9/23 (39.13%) pharyngeal samples and 319 (15.78%) nasal samples DNA of was existed. According to the present study, the rate of infection is high among dogs and cats in Iran. Also, due to the fact that the prevalence of this bacterium among pets animals is not exactly known in Iran, necessary measures should be taken for rapid diagnosis and treatment and proper control of the infection.
PubMed: 36718240
DOI: 10.22099/mbrc.2022.43873.1755 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022A variety of bacteria have evolved the ability to interact with environmental phagocytic predators such as amoebae, which may have facilitated their subsequent...
A variety of bacteria have evolved the ability to interact with environmental phagocytic predators such as amoebae, which may have facilitated their subsequent interactions with phagocytes in animal hosts. Our recent study found that the animal pathogen can evade predation by the common soil amoeba , survive within, and hijack its complex life cycle as a propagation and dissemination vector. However, it is uncertain whether the mechanisms allowing interactions with predatory amoebae are conserved among species, because divergence, evolution, and adaptation to different hosts and ecological niches was accompanied by acquisition and loss of many genes. Here we tested 9 diverse species in three assays representing distinct aspects of their interactions with . Several human and animal pathogens retained the abilities to survive within single-celled amoeba, to inhibit amoebic plaque expansion, and to translocate with amoebae to the fruiting body and disseminate along with the fruiting body. In contrast, these abilities were partly degraded for the bird pathogen , and for the human-restricted species and . Interestingly, a different lineage of only known to infect sheep retained the ability to interact with , demonstrating that these abilities were lost in multiple lineages independently, correlating with niche specialization and recent rapid genome decay apparently mediated by insertion sequences. has been isolated sporadically from diverse human and environmental sources, has acquired insertion sequences, undergone genome decay and has also lost the ability to interact with amoebae, suggesting some specialization to some unknown niche. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified a set of genes that are potentially associated with the ability to interact with . These results suggest that massive gene loss associated with specialization of some species to a closed life cycle in a particular host was repeatedly and independently accompanied by loss of the ability to interact with amoebae in an environmental niche.
Topics: Amoeba; Animals; Bordetella; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Dictyostelium; Genome-Wide Association Study; Sheep
PubMed: 35223538
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.798317 -
PLoS Pathogens Aug 2021Whooping cough is resurging in the United States despite high vaccine coverage. The rapid rise of Bordetella pertussis isolates lacking pertactin (PRN), a key vaccine...
Whooping cough is resurging in the United States despite high vaccine coverage. The rapid rise of Bordetella pertussis isolates lacking pertactin (PRN), a key vaccine antigen, has led to concerns about vaccine-driven evolution. Previous studies showed that pertactin can mediate binding to mammalian cells in vitro and act as an immunomodulatory factor in resisting neutrophil-mediated clearance. To further investigate the role of PRN in vivo, we examined the functions of pertactin in the context of a more naturally low dose inoculation experimental system using C3H/HeJ mice that is more sensitive to effects on colonization, growth and spread within the respiratory tract, as well as an experimental approach to measure shedding and transmission between hosts. A B. bronchiseptica pertactin deletion mutant was found to behave similarly to its wild-type (WT) parental strain in colonization of the nasal cavity, trachea, and lungs of mice. However, the pertactin-deficient strain was shed from the nares of mice in much lower numbers, resulting in a significantly lower rate of transmission between hosts. Histological examination of respiratory epithelia revealed that pertactin-deficient bacteria induced substantially less inflammation and mucus accumulation than the WT strain and in vitro assays verified the effect of PRN on the induction of TNF-α by murine macrophages. Interestingly, only WT B. bronchiseptica could be recovered from the spleen of infected mice and were further observed to be intracellular among isolated splenocytes, indicating that pertactin contributes to systemic dissemination involving intracellular survival. These results suggest that pertactin can mediate interactions with immune cells and augments inflammation that contributes to bacterial shedding and transmission between hosts. Understanding the relative contributions of various factors to inflammation, mucus production, shedding and transmission will guide novel strategies to interfere with the reemergence of pertussis.
Topics: Alveolar Epithelial Cells; Animals; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Bacterial Shedding; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Virulence Factors, Bordetella
PubMed: 34347835
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009735 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2023Bordetella bronchiseptica poses a significant challenge in the context of respiratory infections, particularly in weanling pigs. In this study, we investigated the...
Bordetella bronchiseptica poses a significant challenge in the context of respiratory infections, particularly in weanling pigs. In this study, we investigated the impact of a novel targeted bacteriophage in controlling B. bronchiseptica challenge (BBC) in an experimental design involving five distinct treatment groups: NC (no challenge), PC (BBC challenge), BF (10 pfu bacteriophage/kg diet + BBC), BN (2 × 10 pfu/day bacteriophage by nasal spray + BBC), and AT (antibiotic + BBC). The experiment was conducted for 2 weeks. The highest turbinate score was observed in the PC. The BF treatment showed higher plasma IL (interleukine)-1β and IL-6 compared with the BN and AT treatments. Plasma concentrations of IL-1β were increased in the BF pigs compared with the BN, AT, and NC. Among the BBC groups, the PC treatment exhibited a higher abundance of Staphylococcus. aureus and B. bronchiseptica in the lung. A lower S. aureus, Streptococcus. suis, and B. bronchiseptica colonization was detected in the AT compared with the BF and BN treatments. The BF showed lower plasma zonulin compared with the BN and AT. A higher plasma concentration of superoxide dismutase was observed in the BF and AT compared with PC and BN. The BN influenced the glycine, serine-threonine metabolism; glycerolipid metabolism; glyoxylate-dicarboxylate metabolism; and arachidonic acid metabolism compared with the NC. In conclusion, nasal-sprayed bacteriophage effectively controlled B. bronchiseptica infection, however, their efficiency was lower than the antibiotic.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Swine Diseases; Bacteriophages; Staphylococcus aureus; Bordetella Infections; Microbiota; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 38066337
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49248-1 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a resurging acute respiratory disease of humans primarily caused by the Gram-negative coccobacilli , and less commonly by the... (Review)
Review
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a resurging acute respiratory disease of humans primarily caused by the Gram-negative coccobacilli , and less commonly by the human-adapted lineage of . The ovine-adapted lineage of infects only sheep, while causes chronic and often asymptomatic respiratory infections in a broad range of mammals but rarely in humans. A largely overlapping set of virulence factors inflicts the pathogenicity of these bordetellae. Their genomes also harbor a pathogenicity island, named locus, that encodes components of the type III secretion injectosome, and adjacent locus with the type III regulatory proteins. The Bsc injectosome of bordetellae translocates the cytotoxic BteA effector protein, also referred to as BopC, into the cells of the mammalian hosts. While the role of type III secretion activity in the persistent colonization of the lower respiratory tract by is well recognized, the functionality of the type III secretion injectosome in was overlooked for many years due to the adaptation of laboratory-passaged strains. This review highlights the current knowledge of the type III secretion system in the so-called classical species, comprising , and , and discusses its functional divergence. Comparison with other well-studied bacterial injectosomes, regulation of the type III secretion on the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level, and activities of BteA effector protein and BopN protein, homologous to the type III secretion gatekeepers, are addressed.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Bordetella pertussis; Sheep; Type III Secretion Systems; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 33014891
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00466